Sial Journal of Medical Sciences is the official publication of Sialkot Medical College, Sialkot. The first issue was published in September, 2022. Our journal covers clinical and research works in all aspects of medical sciences. The journal aims to contribute to cure of diseases and improvement in the health. The manuscripts are categorized as original research articles, clinical observations, review articles, short reports and special feature articles in the field of this journal. The journal intends to cover health as a whole in pathological, mental and social aspects
Authors retain the copyright to their work and grant the Sial Journal of Medical Sciences the right of first publication under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. This license allows others to share, adapt, and reuse the work for any purpose, including commercial use, as long as appropriate credit is given to the original authors and the journal. By submitting a manuscript, authors confirm that the work has not been published previously (except as an abstract, lecture, or academic thesis), is not under review elsewhere, and has been approved by all authors and relevant authorities. Once accepted, the article will be openly accessible under the CC BY 4.0 license, ensuring wide dissemination and reuse with proper attribution.
Association of PCOS with diet in females of reproductive system
Objectives: To examine dietary habits in women diagnosed with PCOS and their possible links between specific diet patterns and PCOS Methodology: A Cross-sectional study conducted in outpatient and gyne-cology departments of Chattha Hospital, Commissioner Road, Sialkot fema-les aged 15–45 years visited from January to December 2025. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Permission from Ethics Committee was obtained. Results: Out of 100 participants, 62% were found to consume, unhealthy diets, while 38% reported relatively healthy, dietary practices. High intake of refined carbohydrates, (70%), fast food (60%), and sugary drinks (55%) were prominent among patients. In contrast, only 30%, consumed adequate fruits and vegetables, and 25% consumed whole grains regularly. Conclusion: This study concludes that dietary habits significantly influence the frequency and severity of PCOS in reproductive-age females. Unhealthy diets aggravate the syndrome, whereas healthy dietary patterns offer protective benefits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saima Chattha, Noor Ul Sabah Babar, Sarah Sherazi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Frequency of Psychological Changes in Surgical Patients: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Multi-Center Study
Objectives: To find how often patients have psychological symptoms in surgery-related cases. Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st June to 10th of August 2025 across five hospitals in Sialkot. One hundred fifty post-operative patients (age ≥11 years) were enrolled consecutively. Participants completed a 20-item symptom questionnaire (0 = Never to 4 = Always). Analyses included descriptive statistics, reliability testing (Cronbach’s α), exploratory factor analysis, and multiple linear regression. Results are reported as β coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and model fit (R²). Results: The questionnaire showed excellent reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.92). Factor analysis supported four groups of symptoms: Anxiety, Depression, Irritability, and Hypervigilance, explaining 62% of the variance. Symptoms reported “Often” or “Always” included feeling overwhelmed (24.7%), feeling tired (22.7%), and excessive worry (20.7%). In the regression model (F(6,143) = 8.24, p < 0.001, R² = 0.26), female gender (β = 4.10; 95% CI: 1.98–6.22; p < 0.001) and being 1–6 months after surgery (β = 3.85; 95% CI: 1.45–6.25; p = 0.002) predicted higher distress scores. Conclusion: Psychological changes after surgery are common. Females and patients in the 1–6 month recovery period show higher distress
Copyright (c) 2026 Tasleem Abbas, Hamna Saeed, Fatima Masood, Hamza Shahzad, Hassan Shahzad, Mushahad Faiz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Audit of Orthopedic Surgical Cases in Sialkot: A One-Year Review
Objectives: This study aimed to conduct a one-year audit of orthopedic surgical cases in Nisar Orthopaedics Hospital Commissioner Road, Sialkot to analyze patient demographics, complications and outcomes. Methodology: A retrospective audit was performed using data representing orthopedic surgical procedures from October 2024 to September 2025.Patient Demographics, diagnosis, procedure type and outcomes such as complications, readmission and mortality.. Results: A total of 50 surgical cases were analyzed. The mean patient age was 41.7 years. The sex distribution of 29 males and 21 females. The most common procedures were Debridement & irrigation - infected wound (11 cases), Open reduction and internal fixation - Tibial shaft fracture (10 cases), Intramedullary nailing - Femoral shaft (9 cases), Total hip arthroplasty, K-wire fixation - hand/wrist. The overall complication rate was 20.0%. Thirty-day mortality was 4.0%, while readmission within 30 days occurred in 52.0% of cases. Average length of hospital stay was 9 days. Conclusion: This audit highlights procedure distribution, complication rates, and patient outcomes of orthopedic surgeries in Sialkot. The findings highlight the predominance of trauma related surgeries, complication rates. Regular audits can guide quality improvement in orthopedic surgical care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nisar Ahmad Ch (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hand Washing Practices in Hostelite Students; A multicenter KAP Study
Objectives: To assess level of awareness and the frequency of hand washing and identifying barriers and facilitations affecting hand washing behavior. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study in three Medical colleges with hostel facilities in Sialkot city, including Sialkot Medical College, Islam Medical College and Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Medical College in Fourth-year MBBS students residing in hostels from July to September 2025. Stratified random sampling based on student lists from each college was used and 70 students were included. Results: Almost 50% of students used to hand wash always before meals and also use soap for it. However 80% of students complained lack of facilities of hand washing before meals, while 41% are fully aware regarding importance of hand washing. Conclusion: Most of the students do hand washing with soap before taking meals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Usman Saeed, Merab Fatima, Kusha Chaudhary, Maryam Waqar, Nabeesha Nasir, Mohammad Noman Najeeb (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ultrasonographic Evaluation and Causes of Hydronephrosis Multi-Center Study Bashir Health Services, Aslam Medical Complex, Private Clinic
Objectives: The primary aim of this study is to assess and classify hydro-nephrosis in adults using ultrasound imaging and seeks to determine the its main causes. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was utilized for this research. In this approach, existing medical records and ultrasound reports of adult patients previously diagnosed with hydronephrosis were reviewed to evaluate the frequency and etiology of hydronephrosis. The study was conducted at the Department of Radiology, of three hospitals in Sialkot, Pakistan. The study was conducted over a 6-month period from 1st July 2024 to 31st December 2024. A nonprobability purposive sampling technique was used to select relevant patient records. A total of 83 patients met the inclusion criteria. Result: Age group of 25-50 years showed 81.9% patients presented with hydronephrosis with 47 males and 36 females. Pain being the most common symptoms was (32%). Right sided hydronephrosis was seen most commonly. Hydro ureter status was seen in 55% of patients who never had a stone. Mild hydronephrosis was the most common sign. Causes of hydronephrosis were ureteric and renal stones 29% and 23% respectively followed by pregnancy 12% and BPH 11%. Conclusion: Overall, these findings reinforce the clinical utility of ultrasound in the prompt detection and management of hydronephrosis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shah Hussain, Abdul Hannan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WHO GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR FOOD SAFETY 2022-2030
Copyright (c) 2026 Asma Bokhari, Masood Us Syed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Neonatal Complications in Emergency (C.S) versus Elective C-Section
Objectives: This study examines the neonatal complications of elective versus emergency cesarean sections. Methodology: Research was done with mothers who gave birth through cesarean delivery. The type of cesarean planned (elective and emergency), newborn outcomes (respiratory distress, Apgar score and hospitalisation in the NICU), maternal circumstances, and previous history of cesarean section were documented. Comparison statistics were done to determine differences between elective and emergency procedures. Results: The results indicated that an elective cesarean section occurred more frequently than an emergency (C.S). The frequency of neonatal complications like respiratory distress, low Apgar scores and NICU hospitali sations was higher i.e. 20% seen in emergency C-Sections and 5% in elective procedure C-Sections, but95% newborns of electives and 80% new -borns of emergency cases were discharged within a day, as the postnatal care appeared to be well-coordinated. Conclusion: Neonatal complications are less with elective cesarean section than it is with emergency cesarean section. Neonatal outcomes can be improved and emergency procedures can be minimized by early risk detection and prompt intervention.
Copyright (c) 2025 Israr Bashir Warraich (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the Seasonal Pattern of Allergic Rhinitis in Adults
Objectives: This research explores the link between seasonal pattern and allergic rhinitis in adults alongwith dominant symptoms, major risk factors and common diagnostic techniques used by patients. Methodology: A cross sectional study was performed and data was collected from 203 adult patients (18 years & older) who had symptoms of allergic rhinitis including running nose, frequent sneezing and nasal cong-estion. History of these symptoms were taken for understanding deve-lopment of allergic rhinitis in different seasons and data regarding seasonal effect of these symptoms , aggravating and relieving factors was collected. Results: Out of 203 patients, 130 experienced all three symptoms (sneezing, nasal congestion and runny nose making these most prevalent symptoms with percentage of 64%. However, 49.3% patients reported these symptoms in spring season. While 66.5 % patients had family history as a major risk factor for allergic rhinitis, but only 47.3% of these patients used to take anti histamines as treatment making it the most common treatment method used by patients .Out of 40 patients who carried out laboratory investigation, 15 had IgE serum levels elevated and this was found to be most common investigation method. Conclusion: The cases of allergic rhinitis increase in spring season. Family history of allergic rhinitis is the major risk factor
Copyright (c) 2025 Abjad Ali Toor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ratio of ST-Elevated versus Non ST-Elevated MI in Adult patients.
Objective: This study seeks to determine ratio of Non-ST segment elevated myocardial infraction to ST segment elevated myocardial infarction in adult patients of age 40-80 years, diagnosed with myocardial infarction in Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital Sialkot. Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out at Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital Sialkot from 02-01-2025 to 01-03-2025 in cardiology department. All patients with myocardial infarction of age 40-80 years were included in the study. Ratio of non ST segment elevated to ST elevated MI were calculated in relation to age by statistical analysis. Conclusion: Ratio of non-ST segment elevated MI is higher than ST-segmented elevated patients especially in middle age adults. Result: Total 100 patients were taken of age 40-80 years out of which 94% were non-ST segmented elevated MI patients while 6% were ST segment elevated MI patients. Ratio of non-STEMI to STEMI patients come out to be (15.7:1) which indicates higher ratio of non-STEMI in this age group as compared to STEMI.
ST segment elevated myocardial infarction
Non-ST segment elevated myocardial infarction,
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Zubair (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association of KUB stones with UTI: A retrospective study
Objectives: The primary objective of this research was to ascertain the relationship between KUB stones and the frequency of UTIs in a cohort of affected patients including evaluation of demographic factors such as age, sex and determination of stone characteristics (size, side, and position). Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted from March to June 2025 at Imran Idrees Teaching Hospital. The study utilized a purposive sampling technique to select patient medical records, comprising 35 cases with KUB stones and 35 controls without stones. Inclusion criteria required patients to be over 20 years of age with available CT KUB and urinalysis reports. Data was collected from hospital laboratory databases and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 27. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional review board of Sialkot Medical College. Results: A statistically significant association was found between the presence of KUB stones and UTIs (p<0.001), with patients in the stone group having a threefold higher odd of developing a UTI compared to the control group (odds ratio = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.47–6.13). Specifically, 60% of patients with stones had a UTI, in contrast to 20% of the control group. In a multivariable logistic regression model, both UTI status and sex emerged as significant independent predictors of the outcome. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate a strong association between KUB stones and an increased risk of urinary tract infections.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadeem Shafique, Zoha Mansoor, Momna Faisal Khan, Bilal Naeem, Laraib Razzaq, Tabia Batool (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Nutritional Status of School going Children Aged 06 – 14 Years in Sialkot, Pakistan
Objective: To assess the nutritional status of school going children (6-14) in Sialkot, Pakistan. Methodology: Cross sectional study was conducted on May 26, 2025 with a sample size of 104 students of both genders to assess anthropometric measurements e.g. weight, height, mid-arm circumference and calculating BMI on the basis of the variables. Result: Atotal of 104 students were included in this study. Out of these students, 79 were male and25 were females. According to BMI we concluded that 76.9% of children were underweight while 3.8% were overweight however only 1% were obese. Conclusion: Majority of school going children are suffering from malnutrition of different grades in Sialkot, Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Tanveer Sulehri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
First National HPV Vaccine Campaign in Pakistan
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Syeda Asma Batool Bokhari, Dr. Sahibzada Masood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Frequency of Preterm Births, A Multi-Center Study
Objectives: To see the frequency of preterm births and their causes in our setups. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on the patients of Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital, Family Hospital and Chattha Hospital. Patients presented to obstetrics outpatient department or emergency to labor room, with 28-37 weeks of gestation from last date of menstrual period were observed and analyzed for study. The study comprised of total 610 cases of preterm births who presented in department of obstetrics with preterm labor. Results; Following are the important figures; Premature births 83%, C-section 64%, Urban 69.2%, Low Birth weight 8.3%. Maternal hypertension increased the risk of premature labour 8.44 time greater than non-hypertension mother and maternal diabetes raised the risk 6.96 times more than in non-diabetic mothers. Conclusion: Frequency of preterm births is alarming in our country, causing death and disabilities in babies. Keywords: Pre-mature, maternal hypertension, maternal diabetes, preterm.
Copyright (c) 2025 Israr Bashir Warraich, Shahid Rashid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Retrospective Study of IV Transmitted Diseases through Blood Products among Blood Donors at AIMTH
Objectives: To assess the Frequency of IV transmitted Diseases through blood products among blood donors at AIMTH, Sialkot. Methodology: An observational retrospective study was conducted in August 2023.The data was collected from June 2022 to July 2023 from the Blood Bank of Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching hospital Sialkot. The data was collected and analysed for the frequency of diseases (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, VDRL/syphilis, HIV and malaria) transmitted through transfusion among 3287 Blood Donors” Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching hospital Sialkot. Results: Amongst 3287 blood donations, 1.61 % (n = 53) were infected at least with one pathogen, HCV positive cases were 0.73% (n = 24), syphilis positive were 0.49% (n = 14) HBV positive cases were 0.36% (n = 12), HIV positive cases were only 0.03% (n=1) and malaria 00 (0%) in decreasing order. Out of 3287, 95% (n= 3123) were males and 5% (n=164) were females. Conclusion: Our research concludes that there is little chance of transmission by transfusion. Just 53 out of the 3287 blood donors in this study had a TTI diagnosis. Keywords: HBV; HCV; HIV; TTIs; infections; syphilis; malaria; transfusion transmitted diseases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Awais Saleh, Muhammad Mukarrum Saleh, Mehak Fatima, Javeria Aslam Butt, Amna Asghar, Imtiaz Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Audit of Clinical Cases of Psychiatry for Last One Year
Objective: To see the frequency of different psychiatric diseases in our setup. Methodology: A retrospective study is conducted in our private setup from 01-01-2024 to 31-12-2024 to see the frequency of psychiatric patients admissions. The data is categorized on the basis of OPD. Results; The following results were obtained; Conversion Disorders (9) Schizophrenia (37) Substance use disorder (SUD) (60) Bipolar disorder (28) Attention Deficit / hyperactivity syndrome (ADHA) (10) Autism (8) Intellectual Disability (ID) (4) Conclusion: There might be few reasons for disagreement from interna-tional figures e.g. Poverty in Pakistan Lack of knowledge about psychotic diseases Financial crises Early discharge of patients who have not recovered yet Family issues Keywords: Conversion Disorders , Schizophrenia , substance use disorder (SUD), Bipolar disorder, Attention Deficit / hyperactivity syndrome (ADHA), Autism, Intellectual Disability
Attention Deficit / hyperactivity syndrome (ADHA)
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Mateen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association of Age-Related Post Injury Frozen Shoulder with Comorbidities and Delayed Management
Objectives: This research seeks to explore the frequency of post-injury frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) across different age groups, identifying variables that may impact its start and development after diverse shoulder injuries. By assessing age-specific frequency and identifying related risk factors, this research attempts to improve clinical care and preventative initiatives. Methodology: Prospective cohort research was done on 150 patients who experienced shoulder injuries, including fractures, dislocations, and rotator cuff tears, between March 2024 and September 2024. Patients were tracked for the development of frozen shoulder, with frequency rates computed across four age groups: under 30, 30-50, 51-70, and above 70. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the effect of injury type, treatment delay, and comorbidities on frozen shoulder occurrence. Results: Out of the 150 patients, 29 got frozen shoulder, resulting in an frequency rate of 19.3%. It rose with age: 8% in patients under 30, 12% in the 30-50 group, 24% in the 51- 70 group, and 32% in those over 70 (p < 0.01). Rotator cuff tears were most significantly related with frozen shoulder, with a frequency of 26%, followed by fractures (17%) and dislocations (10%). Patients who received therapy more than six weeks post-injury had a 35% greater chance of developing frozen shoulder (p = 0.02), with concomitant diseases, notably diabetes and thyroid disorders having further boosting risk (OR = 2.1, p = 0.01). Conclusion: The frequency of post-injury frozen shoulder rises with age especially in individuals over 50 years. Injury type and delayed treatment are important risk factors. However, rotator cuff injuries and treatment delays having high predictive values. These data show the necessity of early intervention and tailored rehabilitation for high-risk individuals to prevent frozen shoulder occurrence. Further study should concentrate on improving preventative strategies and optimizing therapy time. Keywords: Post-injury frozen shoulder, adhesive capsulitis, shoulder injuries, age groups, incidence rate, delayed treatment, rotator cuff tear, rehabilitation
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Hannan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Number of Cases of Left Main Coronary Artery Disease Detected During Angiography
Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and pattern of left main stem (LMS) stenosis in patients undergoing coronary angiography in a tertiary care setting. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted in the Cardiology Department of Imran Idrees Teaching Hospital, Sialkot. After obtaining ethical and departmental approvals, data collection occurred from February to April 2024. The study involved 126 patients of both genders who underwent coronary angiography. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25, and findings were presented in tabular format. Results: The average age of the patients was 65 ± 18.44 years. Among the participants, 57 (45.2%) were male and 69 (54.7%) were female. The age of most of the patients (44.8%) ranged from 51–60-year. Most patients had both hypertension and diabetes mellitus (84.8%), while 8.8% had only hypertension and 4% had only diabetes mellitus. LMS stenosis was identified in 9 patients (7.2%). Of these, 5 patients (55.5%) had ostial LMS, and 4 patients (44.5%) had distal LMS. Conclusion: The findings indicate a moderate frequency of left main stem disease among the patients, with ostial lesions being the most common type of LMS detected. Keywords: Left Coronary Artery, Angiography, Coronary Heart Disease
Copyright (c) 2025 Rumeesha Khan, Huda Asif, M.Rehan Zahid, Khansa Mumtaz Cheema4, Sidra Sadaqat Sadaqat, Ameena Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Turning Concern into Action: Understanding Climate Change Attitudes in Pakistan-What is sustainable future?
Pakistan is grappling with the profound impacts of climate change, such as shifting weather patterns and catastrophic floods.1 Unfortunately, these impacts are projected to escalate, with forecasts suggesting that climate-related events, environmental degradation, and air pollution which may cause Pakistan's GDP to shrink by 18-20% by 2050. This alarming statistic underscores the need to address climate change and mitigate its effects on people and their livelihoods. Even though developing countries like Pakistan may not be the primary contributors to climate change, however acknowledging and confronting its fallout is indispensable and especially for combatting pressing local issues like air pollution and smog.2 Pakistan ranks among the top 10 countries worldwide most affected by climate change and natural disasters. During the past century, an annual mean temperature increase of around 0.63°C has been observed in the country, and sea level along the Karachi coast has risen by approximately 1.1mm per year. Though, during the period 2006-2015, the sea level reportedly rose at a rate of 3.6 mm per year. Pakistan's historical precipitation profile has been complex. The early 20th century was characterized by a prolonged decline in annual rainfall, but since 1960, a slight increasing trend has prevailed after that. However, this overall trend hides considerable sub-national variation. For instance, since 1960, mean rainfall in the arid plains of Pakistan and the coastal belt has decreased by 10%-15%, contributing to the ongoing degradation of the country's wetlands and mangrove ecosystems. But in 1970, the number of heavy rainfall events in the country has increased, as has the number of heatwave days per year in Pakistan which again decreased in next 04 decades but now again the cycles of heavy rains are seen. By the end of the century, the annual mean temperature in Pakistan is expected to rise by approximately 3°C 6°C, depending on the emissions scenario. Sea level is expected to increase by 60 cm, most likely affecting the low-lying coastal areas south of Karachi toward Keti Bander and the Indus River delta and contributing to the salinization of soils and coastal erosion. Average annual rainfall is not expected to have a significant long-term trend but is expected to exhibit large inter-annual variability. Pakistan is also expected to experience an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events, with severe impacts for the country's natural and human capital. Pakistan's high vulnerability to climate change is well recognized. With increasing temperatures, Pakistan has already experienced an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events such as floods, droughts, cyclones, heavy rain spells, extremely high temperatures etc., which have been impacting the country's ecosystems, people, settlements, and infrastructure. Between 1992 and 2021, according to the World Bank Group, climate- and weather-related disasters in Pakistan resulted in a total of US$29.3 billion of economic losses (inflation-adjusted to 2021 US dollars) from damage to property, crops, and livestock, equivalent to 11.1% of 2020 GDP Significant events in Pakistan's history include persistent drought that prevailed in the southern part of the country during 1998-2002 and again in 2014 and 2015; an extreme heat wave in 2015, where over 65,000 people were hospitalized with heat stroke, and the 2010 catastrophic flood which affected one-fifth of the country and 20 million people, and claimed over 2,000 lives. As the climate changes, the number of people affected by flooding in Pakistan is projected to increase, with a likely increase of around 5 million people who are exposed to extreme river floods by 2035-2044, and a potential increase of around 1 million annually exposed to coastal flooding by 2070-2100. The 2022 floods have shown Pakistan's high vulnerability to climate change. Between June and August 2022. Torrential rains and a combination of riverine, urban, and flash flooding led to an unprecedented disaster in the country. According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), around 33 million people ie. one in seven, have been affected by the floods, including nearly 8 million people who were displaced. The floods have taken the lives of more than 1,700 people and one-third of which were children. According to the PDMA (Pakistan Disaster Management Authority) due to the 2022 floods, there were total damages which were estimated to exceed USD 14.9 billion, and total economic losses were expected to reach about USD 15.2 billion, and estimated needs for rehabilitation and reconstruction in a resilient way are at least USD 16.3 billion. As a direct impact of the floods, loss in gross domestic product (GDP) is projected to be around 2.2% of Fiscal Year 2022 GDP.3 Pakistan's agriculture sector is likely to be severely impacted by climate change, with projections suggesting yield declines in many key food and cash crops, including cotton, wheat, sugarcane, maize, and rice. The agriculture sector is projected to contract the almost, at 0.9% of GDP. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan year 2020-21, agriculture has a 19.2% share in the GDP and accounts for 60% of exports, while providing livelihood to about 68% of the country's population which is living in rural areas, and employing 45% of the national labor force. Climate change will impact the agriculture sector mainly through reduced crop productivity, adverse impact on livestock health and increased agricultural production losses because of extreme weather events. These impacts to agriculture will increase the risk of extreme poverty, food insecurity, and malnutrition in the country, making progress in poverty reduction and human development far more challenging than it is today. Further, climate change in Pakistan is also expected to enhance the impact of air and water pollution on human health; leading to a decline in labor productivity due to extreme heat.4 In 2024, Pakistan has faced devastating floods and extreme heat, hindering its recovery from existing climate crisis-related disasters.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asma Bokhari, SahibzadaMasood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Asthma in Community People
Objective: The main objective of the study is to have knowledge and attitude of the community about Asthma Methods: Convenient sample of 100 people was taken in Addah Sialkot from October, 2024 to December, 2024. The cross-sectional descriptive study design was used in the study. The study was done by consuming a statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 22. Data were analyzed by frequencies and percentages. The target population was the community of Addah Sialkot. For data collection, a close-ended questionnaire was used having a consent form attached with each questionnaire. The participants were requested to first read and sign the consent form before putting an eye on the questionnaire. Data were collected from the community from people present at the time of the study. Results: Male female ratio was almost equal. The sample considered of 46%males and 54% females. The mean age was26.28% years ranging from 20-35%. All participants indicated that they had previous exposure to school with 17% primary, 36% middle, 37% higher >5% were professional graduates. When they were asked about inhaler use. A substantial number (47%) of participants either “didn’t know” or (24%) replied incorrectly (that they don't need to shake before using inhalers). While (53%) of the people had a negative attitude towards Asthama patients. About (42%) of the people did not know that which food should be avoided in asthametic patients. Conclusion: Our research demonstrates that in our community, asthma knowledge is inadequate and attitude is not positive in majority, that’s why the morbidity rate is high.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fakhra Batool (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Frequency of fatty foods intake and physical body exertion in doctors of sialkot
Objective: To assess the pattern of fatty food intake and physical body exertion in the doctors of Sialkot. Methods: A study was conducted at Sialkot from 15th May, 2025 to 15th June, 2025. The 50 doctors (MBBS) from each tehsil of Sialkot District (Tehsil Sialkot, Tehsil Sambrial, Tehsil Daska and Tehsil Pasrur each) and total 200 doctors (MBBS) from Sialkot district were selected randomly. Direct questionnaires were given to them. Out of 200, 186 doctors responded. Results: Male female ratio was 100:86 with 53.7% and 47.3%. The almost half of the doctors were having normal BMI. Young doctors accounted for almost 84% (aged 25-45 years). More than 60% of doctors do walk and exercise regularly. Conclusion: Majority of the doctors of Sialkot have adequately normal BMI and they do walk and exercise regularly
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Shahzad, Muhammad Hamza Shahzad, Shah Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Designing and Implementing a Clinical Toxicology Training Workshop for Healthcare Professionals in Dubai
Objectives: To identify the steps necessary to prepare a training program including uniform training and assessment materials for all stakeholders. Methodology: Cross sectional study to develop the TOX-10 (Toxicology workshop addressing most common 10 course of poisoning) training program choosing relevant content, active learning strategies and appropriate evaluation and at the same time get feedback. Results: We identified the following steps; Learning objectives, Analyzing the target audience, Developing the curriculum content, Selecting the appropriate teaching methods, Preparing the training materials, Adopting positive teaching and learning methods, Implementing the training program, Selecting assessment methodology Evaluating and revising the program. Formative and summative learning with limitation. After applying all these steps, we found a very positive response, evaluation and feedback from the participants and faculty. We believe that this approach can be generalized and help in preparing more training programs that will meet the student’s expectations and teacher’s satisfaction. Conclusion: A reasonable training program can be prepared, implemented and generalized if it is based on a step-wise approach, designing sound agenda, consistent teaching and training plans for all stakeholders The novel short training course was successful in developing knowledge of toxicology by providing a practical introduction to healthcare professionals
Copyright (c) 2025 Zulfiqar Ali, Ahmad Sajjad Ashraf, Nayab Z. Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clinical audit of physiotherapy department AIMTH, Sialkot
Objective: This research seeks to examine the patterns for patients with different disorders in a more specialized clinical environment in order to address resource allocation, enhance efficiency of service delivery system and design relevant measures. Methods: The audit was carried out by observing clinical data of patients from April, 2023 to October, 2023 in Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital Physiotherapy Department. Diagnoses were categorized in to five primary groups: musculo skeletal disorders; Orthopedic diseases Neurological diseases/ Cardiac diseases Surgical/Trauma and Other disorders. Results: Majority of the patients35.52% were suffering from Orthopaedic problems. However, the other diseases accounted 31.0% in this study. The patients of surgical procedures and trauma were counted to 7.4% respectively. The frequency of patients with neurological and Cardiac disorders were 5.4% and 0.3% respectively. Conclusion: In this study the majority of the patients were from the orthopaedic category while the patients of other discipline of medicine also seek help from physiotherapy department.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tanveer Haider (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Frequency and Management of Acute Cholecystitis in Imran Idrees Hospital, Sialkot
Objectives: The goal of this research is to assess frequency and management options of Gallbladder inflammation at Imran Idrees Teaching Hospital, Sialkot, to improve patient health delivery. Methodology: This research used a retrospective descriptive design, assessing medical data from Imran Idrees Hospital, Sialkot, from June to July 2024. Demographics, diagnostic procedures, and treatment results for acute cholecystitis patients were collected and examined using descriptive statistics to determine frequency and management options. Result: During the research period of June to July 2024, 120 patients were diagnosed with acute cholecystitis at Imran Idrees Teaching Hospital Sialkot. Mostly female (60%) aged between 41 and 60 years (45%) were seen. Urban inhabitants accounted for 70% of the incidents. Diagnostic techniques found that ultrasonography was employed in 85% cases for diagnoses, while CT scans in 10% and MRI in 5%. Treatment results revealed that 70% of patients laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed, which remained effective in 90% of patients with little problems. Conversely, 20% had open cholecystectomy, with a 30% complication rate, while 10% were treated conservatively with antibiotics and diet, resulting in symptom alleviation for 80% but requiring further surgical intervention for 20%. The typical hospital stay was three days for laparoscopic surgery, five days for conservative therapy, and seven days for open surgery. Conclusion: We found a significant frequency of acute cholecystitis among middleaged women, with laparoscopic cholecystectomy being the most beneficial tool.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syed Shah Hassan, Abid Ali Ranjha, Aina Faisal, Fajar Malik, Amna Bibi, Faiza Safdar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bilnd Spot: The Global rise of unnecessary healthcare and what we can do about it.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asma Bukhari , SahibzadaMasood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS WITH FREQUENCY OF HEMATEMESIS
Objectives: To assess the Frequency of hematemesis in cirrhotic patient. Methodology: A retrospective study was carried out on registered patients presented in OPD of medicine ward , Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital, Sialkot in 2023. Result: CLD = 29.08% DCLD = 54.26% Hepatitis = 5.46% Gender: Male = 67.20% Female = 32.79 % Age: < 30 years = 11.23% 31-40 years = 19.72% 41-50 years = 29.35% 51-60 years = 24.54% >60 years = 15.13% Residence Rural = 35.55% Urban = 64.44% Conclusion: This study investigated the hematemesis in cirrhotic patients. A total of 2994 patients were analyzed.1177 were diagnosed with Liver Cirrhosis and out of which 436 were presented with hematemesis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Muhammad Awais Saleh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSOCIATION OF BMI WITH THE FREQUENCY OF CHOLELITHASIS : A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Objectives: To find the correlation between Body mass index and age of patients with cholelithasis. Methodology: It is a cross sectional study conducted from 01-01-2024 to 30-12-2024 at the sector of general Surgery Bashir Hospital, Sialkot. All individuals that were diagnosed with cholelithasis and have undergone holecystectomy were included in the study and individuals with prior abdominal surgeries were not included in the study.The patients were interviewed regarding their age , gender, body mass in kilograms and vertical height in meters and the body mass index was calculated as mass in kilogram divided by the Square of height in meters. Inference: The study involved 504 individuals according to the criterias mention before with an average BMI of 27.16±4.47 and out of the 504 individuals 370 were women and the remaining 134 were men with a ratio of 4:1 . The average age of patients was found to be 44.2±15.1 Conclusion: An increased occurrence of cholelithasis is seen in females with advancing age.
Copyright (c) 2025 Waqas Ur Rehman, Soban Hameed, Wajeeh Ur Rehman, Hafiz Ghulfam, Hafiz Usman Ali Safdar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TYPES OF VASCULAR ACCESS FOR PATIENTS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE LEADING HAEMODIALYSIS
Objectives: To find out the percentage of chronic kidney disease patients requiring haemodialysis in IITH and patency of AV fistulas in those patients requiring Haemodialysis. Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out at IITH and Sialkot Kidney Centre between June 2024 and August 2024, after approval from IRB. Result: The main findings of the data include most common mode of initiation of haemodialysis as temporary catheter and permanent route vascular access as AV Fistula. Conclusion: The data collected by our research team concludes that the most used primary route of vascular access in patients requiring haemodialysis is a primary double lumen dialysis catheter (82%). The second most used route was an AV fistula (16%) and AV graft is least used temporary VA (2%).Permanent vascular access is most commonly achieved through an arteriovenous Fistula (84.63%) followed by a permanent catheter(9.4%). The Graft is used to lesser extent (3.64%) as a mode of PVA.Vascular access had to be reconstructed in 80% of the patients with AV Graft as permanent vascular access.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naeem Ahmad Cheema, Ahmad Bilal Ghani, Rameen Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Objectives: With the intention of enhancing their general well-being and academic performance, this research examines towards degrees regarding tension experienced by learners in medicine. This also pinpoints main stressors connected to their academic environment, and examine the efficacy of present coping mechanisms. Methodology: Medical students were polled cross-sectionally using a validated stress measurement tool. Data on stress levels, academic load, and coping mechanisms was gathered from participants of first and second year medical students—were gathered. Significant stress elements and relationships between stress levels and academic performance were found by means of statistical analysis. Total Participants were 150 who were classified according to gender residences and academic years. Result: Academic Year Total Students Male Female Stressed 1st year 75 24 51 35 2nd year 75 24 51 25 Conclusion: This cross sectional study shows that academic expectations and workload cause medical students to be somewhat stressed. Development of focused treatments depends on the identification of main stresses and assessment of coping mechanisms. Improving support networks and stress-reducing tools helps pupils to be healthier and more successful academically.
HOW TO PREVENT SURGICAL SITE INFECTION (SSI) IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, SIALKOT
Objectives: This study was conducted, to evaluate the prevention of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) in Imran Idrees Teaching Hospital, Sialkot. Methodology: A Prospective, observational, multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted at Imran Idrees Teaching Hospital, Sialkot/ Tertiary Care Hospital. Total 250 patients aged from 5 to 80 years were included in this study. A questionnaire was prepared. The consented surgeons were interviewed and data was collected accordingly. Results: By evaluating the data it was found that 63.2 percent of patients were female and 37.8 percent were male. Aged below 18 years were 29.6 percent, 18 to 40 years were 33.6 percent and above 40 years were 36.8 percent. Some of the patients (34.8) were diabetic which is a main cause of surgical site infection. Mostly prewash, nail cleaning and antisepsis of hands with brush was performed before surgeries. Alcohol rub method was used in 63% cases and aqueous scrub was used in almost 37% of cases. As the duration of time for scrub is a main factor in minimizing and maximizing the surgical site infection, in most of the cases surgical scrub time was more than 5 minutes. Antiseptic agent used for the antisepsis process was alcohol in 24% of cases, iodine in 49% of cases, chlorohexidine was used in 15% of cases and hexachlorphene was used in 12% of cases. Mostly surgeons were familiar with the methods and protocol of antisepsis. Mostly surgical site infection acquires due to ignorance by the patients. Conclusion: This concludes proper hand antisepsis with a suitable antiseptic agent can prevent surgical site infection. Mostly hand antisepsis is followed by the surgeons while the surgical site infection is caused by the poor hygiene of patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Syed Shah Hassan Gillani, Hamdan Syed, Muhammad Hamid, Rohail Ahmad, Izma Ayaz, Emaan Mansha, Irmab Fatima, Maham Shamas, Rabia Nayyab, Hira Shahzadi, Mahnoor Fatima, Sidra Sajid, Mamoon Shabbir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HEALTH ISSUES IN GAZA/ RAFFAH (PALESTINE)
Despite Gaza's history of escalation, the current conflict is unprecedented in the amount of death, destruction, and suffering it has caused, with consequences that will last for generations. Between October 7, 2023, and the afternoon of January 15, 2025, almost 47,000 Palestinians were killed and 115,000 were wounded in Gaza. Given that 11.1 million people, or half of Gaza's population, suffer from catastrophic food insecurity. Famine is imminent, according to the most recent IPC assessment. In terms of population share, this is the largest ever observed worldwide. Approximately 80% of those suffering from famine globally are now Palestinians living in Gaza. However, 70 percent of medical facilities have been destroyed by the occupying Israelite military forces, and Israel's siege of Gaza, which includes closed crossings and a shortage of basic supplies like electricity and water, has been a major factor in the humanitarian crisis that is developing. Frequent aerial bombardments in crowded urban areas, massive military ground operations, unexploded ordnance (UXO) risks, widespread insecurity, closures of important crossing points, Israeli government restrictions on movement and access, and infrastructure damage, all contribute to the situation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Syeda Asma Batool Bokhari, Prof. Dr. Sahibzada Masood Us Syed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0